{"id":32497,"date":"2021-11-28T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-28T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/?p=32497"},"modified":"2022-12-16T16:51:10","modified_gmt":"2022-12-16T15:51:10","slug":"diskurz-discourse-markers-anglictina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/diskurz-discourse-markers-anglictina\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00ed\u0161, tohle jsou diskurzivn\u00ed markery"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V angli\u010dtin\u011b m\u00e1me mnoho slov a v\u00fdraz\u016f, d\u00edky nim\u017e jsou na\u0161e prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed plynulej\u0161\u00ed. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1me jim diskurzivn\u00ed markery <em>(discourse markers).<\/em> Pokud chcete zn\u00edt jako <em>native speaker,<\/em> nau\u010dte se pou\u017e\u00edvat\u00a0<em>well <\/em>(no co\u017e)<em>, I mean <\/em>(to znamen\u00e1)<em>, <\/em>nebo\u00a0<em>you know <\/em>(no v\u00ed\u0161).<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><em>Once upon a time<\/em> je popul\u00e1rn\u00ed diskurzivn\u00ed marker v poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h2>Co jsou to diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discoursive markers<\/em>)?<\/h2>\n<p><em>Diskurzivn\u00ed markery <\/em> jsou slova nebo cel\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed na\u0161\u00edm v\u011bt\u00e1m l\u00e9pe plynout. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee spojuj\u00ed to, co pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, s cel\u00fdm na\u0161\u00edm projevem, tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed l\u00e9pe organizovat n\u00e1\u0161 text nebo prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed (diskurz). D\u00edky nim jsme l\u00e9pe naslouch\u00e1ni, zn\u00edme p\u0159irozen\u011bji.<\/p>\n<p>V \u0159e\u010di pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me diskurzivn\u00ed markery, nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>anyway <\/em>(ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><em>great! <\/em>(skv\u011bl\u00e9!)<\/li>\n<li><em>oh! <\/em>(och!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>stejn\u011b jako p\u00edsemn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>firstly <\/em>(za prv\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li><em>on the other hand <\/em>(na druhou stranu)<\/li>\n<li><em>in conclusion <\/em>(na z\u00e1v\u011br)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13520\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13520\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34038\" src=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/jak-nauczyc-sie-mowic-po-angielsku-samemu-w-domu.jpg\" alt=\"Jak se nau\u010dit mluvit anglicky sami doma?\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/jak-nauczyc-sie-mowic-po-angielsku-samemu-w-domu.jpg 640w, https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/jak-nauczyc-sie-mowic-po-angielsku-samemu-w-domu-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13520\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Viz tak\u00e9: <a href=\"\/cs\/?p=13518\">Jak se nau\u010dit mluvit anglicky sami doma?<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Podle <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/pl\/grammar\/british-grammar\/discourse-markers-so-right-okay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Cambridge English Grammar Today<\/em><\/a> lze diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discourse markters)<\/em> rozd\u011blit takto:<\/p>\n<p>[V textu budou <em>diskurzivn\u00ed markery <\/em> tu\u010dn\u011b::<\/p>\n<h3>1. Diskurzivn\u00ed markery, kter\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem organizuj\u00ed na\u0161e prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed <em>(organisational discourse markers)<\/em><\/h3>\n<h4><strong>Diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discourse marker), kter\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zah\u00e1jit konverzaci:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Right<\/strong>, let&#8217;s get started. (Dob\u0159e, za\u010dn\u011bme.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Now<\/strong>, we have a very interesting guest with us today in the studio.\u00a0<\/em>(A te\u010f m\u00e1me ve studiu velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho hosta.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Nebo ji dokon\u010dit:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>So<\/strong>, see you on Monday!\u00a0<\/em>(Uvid\u00edme se tam v pond\u011bl\u00ed!)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Okay<\/strong>, see you!\u00a0<\/em>(Okej, na vid\u011bnou!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discourse markers)<\/em> n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed plynule m\u011bnit p\u0159edm\u011bt:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"src ltr\"><strong><em>In any case,<\/em><\/strong> that is what we are <a href=\"\/cs\/?p=12348\">going to<\/a> do. (Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b, to je to, co ud\u011bl\u00e1me.)<\/li>\n<li><em><span class=\"text\" lang=\"en\">So <strong>anyway<\/strong>, coming back to our topic&#8230;<\/span><\/em><span class=\"text\" lang=\"en\">(Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b zp\u011bt k na\u0161emu t\u00e9matu.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>Na newyorsk\u00e9 ulici m\u016f\u017eete sly\u0161et m\u00edsto <em>anyway,<\/em> v\u00edce p\u0159\u00e1telsky a neform\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed <em>anyways<\/em>.<\/div>\n<div>P\u00edsemn\u011b, i kdy\u017e je <em>anyway<\/em> p\u0159ijateln\u00e9, jeho synonyma budou zn\u00edt l\u00e9pe: <em>nonethless<\/em> nebo <em>regardless<\/em>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"trg ltr\">\n<h4><strong>Diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discoursive markers)\u00a0<\/em>jsou tak\u00e9 velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159i udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed chronologie p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>First<\/strong> we met, and had a chat <strong>for a start. <\/strong><\/em>(Nejprve jsme se setkali a na za\u010d\u00e1tek jsem se pobavili.)<\/li>\n<li><em><b>Next <\/b>we went for a dinner, <strong>and then<\/strong> for a walk.\u00a0<\/em>(Pak jsme \u0161li na ve\u010de\u0159i, a pak na proch\u00e1zku.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>In the end<\/strong> we got married, <strong>and on top of that<\/strong> bought a house together.<\/em> (Nakonec jsme se vzali a koupili si spolu d\u016fm.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>What&#8217;s more,<\/strong> she is pregnant.\u00a0<\/em>(A co v\u00edc, je t\u011bhotn\u00e1.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>To sum up,<\/strong> you never know what the future brings!\u00a0<\/em>(Celkov\u011b vzato nikdy nev\u00edte, co p\u0159inese budoucnost!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>2. &#8222;Auto-korek\u010dn\u00ed&#8220; diskurzivn\u00ed markery\u00a0<em>(monitoring discourse markers)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e spolu mluv\u00edme, pozorujeme na\u0161eho partnera a vid\u00edme, jestli s n\u00e1mi dok\u00e1\u017ee dr\u017eet krok. V z\u00e1vislosti na jeho reakci<\/p>\n<h4><strong>m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p dp\"><i class=\"ti\">I <strong>just<\/strong> had to leave early. <strong><span class=\"tb\">What I mean is, <\/span><\/strong>I hated the party. It wasn&#8217;t fun at all. <\/i>(Jen jsem musel odej\u00edt brzy. Chci \u0159\u00edct, nel\u00edbila se mi ta p\u00e1rty. V\u016fbec to nebyla z\u00e1bava.)<\/li>\n<li><em>I spent some money yesterday. <strong>Actually<\/strong>, I spent all my savings.\u00a0<\/em>(V\u010dera jsem utratil n\u011bjak\u00e9 pen\u00edze. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsem utratil v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 \u00faspory. &#8211; Nezapome\u0148te, \u017ee <em>actually<\/em> nen\u00ed &#8222;aktu\u00e1ln\u011b&#8220;, ale &#8222;ve skute\u010dnosti&#8220;!)<\/li>\n<li><em>They were having a frank and open conversation. <strong>In other words,<\/strong> they were arguing.\u00a0<\/em>(M\u011bli up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fd a otev\u0159en\u00fd rozhovor. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, h\u00e1dali se.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Look<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/the-beatles-let-it-be-preklad-text-anglictina\/\">let&#8217;s<\/a> do it like that.\u00a0<\/em>(Pod\u00edvejte, ud\u011blejme to takhle.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Believe me,<\/strong> you won&#8217;t regret it!<\/em> (V\u011b\u0159te mi, nebudete litovat!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Nebo pouka\u017ete na to, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 partner u\u017e n\u011bco v\u00ed:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>You know,<\/strong> it&#8217;s one of those things&#8230;<\/em> (V\u00edte, je to jedna z t\u011bch v\u011bc\u00ed \/ z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed&#8230;)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>You see<\/strong>, I can&#8217;t do it now because I&#8217;m on holidays.\u00a0<\/em>(Vid\u00ed\u0161, te\u010f to nem\u016f\u017eu ud\u011blat, proto\u017ee jsem na <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/have-been-to-nebo-have-gone-to\/\">dovolen\u00e9<\/a>.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. Diskurzivn\u00ed markery pro lep\u0161\u00ed kontakt s rozmlouvaj\u00edc\u00edm\u00a0<em>(discourse markers as responses)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>To je velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed t\u00e9ma. Pokud jste na <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/?p=59967\">obchodn\u00ed sch\u016fzce<\/a> s Ameri\u010dany nebo Angli\u010dany, je nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 k\u00fdvat, komentovat, neust\u00e1le zasahovat.<\/p>\n<p>Jinak, podle jejich kulturn\u00edch standard\u016f laskavosti, nebude va\u0161e nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 reakce vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed jejich prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm s \u00factou, ale jako pasivn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed. V jejich sv\u011bt\u011b, na\u0161\u00edm ml\u010den\u00edm signalizujeme \u0159e\u010dn\u00edkovi, \u017ee s n\u00edm nesouhlas\u00edme&#8230;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Z\u00e1jem m\u016f\u017eeme projevit nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ik\u00fdvnut\u00edm:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>yeah <\/em><\/strong>(ano)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>right <\/em><\/strong>(pravda)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>okay <\/em><\/strong>(okej)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>good <\/em><\/strong>(dob\u0159e)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>absolutely <\/em><\/strong>(absolutn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>definitely <\/em><\/strong>(rozhodn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>exactly <\/em><\/strong>(p\u0159esn\u011b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Uka\u017ete p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Oh really! <\/em><\/strong>(Opravdu?)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>wow! <\/em><\/strong>(wau!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Nebo komentujte:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>That&#8217;s terrible! <\/em><\/strong>(Je to hrozn\u00e9!)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>That&#8217;s amazing! <\/em><\/strong>(To je skv\u011bl\u00e9!)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Fantastic<\/em><\/strong>! (Fantastick\u00e9!)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Great! <\/em><\/strong>(Super!)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Awesom<\/em>e!<\/strong> (Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8669\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8669\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34013\" src=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/angielskie-konwersacje-online.jpg\" alt=\"Anglick\u00e9 online konverzace\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8669\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Viz tak\u00e9: <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/konverzace-v-anglictine-online\/\">Anglick\u00e9 online konverzace &#8211; proto\u017ee se nikdo nenau\u010dil jezdit na kole z knihy!<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>4. Diskurzivn\u00ed markery ukazuj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 postoj <em>(discourse markers showing attitude)<\/em><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>If you ask me,<\/strong> speaking is more important than grammar.\u00a0<\/em>(&#8222;Pokud jde o m\u011b,&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/proc-nestoji-za-to-se-ucit-anglickou-gramatiku\/\">mluven\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e gramatika.)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>But <strong>obviously<\/strong> you will <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/kdy-pouzit-yet-already-still-present-perfect-anglictina\/\">still<\/a> need to learn.\u00a0<\/em>(Ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se budete muset je\u0161t\u011b u\u010dit.)<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Sadly<\/strong>, there is no way around it.\u00a0<\/em>(Bohu\u017eel nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 cesta kolem \/ nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 se tomu vyhnout.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt <em>diskurzivn\u00ed markery,<\/em> jako jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>basically, <\/em><\/strong>(v podstat\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>certainly, <\/em><\/strong>(jist\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>clearly, <\/em><\/strong>(jasn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>essentially <\/em><\/strong>(v podstat\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>fortunately, <\/em><\/strong>(na \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>frankly speaking,\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>hopefully, <\/em><\/strong>(douf\u00e1m)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>honestly, <\/em><\/strong>(up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ideally, <\/em><\/strong>(ide\u00e1ln\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>I&#8217;m afraid, <\/em><\/strong>(ob\u00e1v\u00e1m se, \u017ee)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>I must admit that, <\/em><\/strong>(mus\u00edm p\u0159iznat, \u017ee)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>I must say <\/em><\/strong>(mus\u00edm \u0159\u00edci)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>in fact, <\/em><\/strong>(ve skute\u010dnosti)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>indeed <\/em><\/strong>(vskutku)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>I think <\/em><\/strong>(mysl\u00edm)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>literally <\/em><\/strong>(doslova)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>naturally <\/em><\/strong>(p\u0159irozen\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>no doubt \/ undoubtedly <\/em><\/strong>(bez pochyby)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>of course <\/em><\/strong>(samoz\u0159ejm\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>really <\/em><\/strong>(opravdu)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>seriously <\/em><\/strong>(v\u00e1\u017en\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>surprisingly <\/em><\/strong>(p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>to tell you the truth, <\/em><\/strong>(abych \u0159ekl pravdu)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>understandably <\/em><\/strong>(pochopiteln\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>unfortunately <\/em><\/strong>(bohu\u017eel)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15522\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15522\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32762\" src=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/neither-nor-either-or-both-and.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/neither-nor-either-or-both-and.jpg 640w, https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/neither-nor-either-or-both-and-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15522\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>&#8222;Nemohu to potvrdit ani vyvr\u00e1tit.&#8220; Viz tak\u00e9:<a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/neither-nor-either-or-ani-ani-nebo-oba-anglicke\/\">&#8222;Neither nor&#8220; &#8211; &#8222;either or&#8220; &#8211; nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 &#8222;both and&#8220;?!<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>4. Diskurzivn\u00ed markery, kter\u00e9 zn\u011bj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo <em>(discourse markers to sound less direct)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Pokud je t\u00e9ma citliv\u00e9, m\u016f\u017eeme na\u0161e prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed &#8222;zm\u011bk\u010dit&#8220; takov\u00fdmi slovy a fr\u00e1zemi, jako jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>apparently <\/em><\/strong>(z\u0159ejm\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>I think <\/em><\/strong>(mysl\u00edm si)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/kdy-pouzit-yet-already-still-present-perfect-anglictina\/\">just<\/a> <\/em><\/strong>(jen, prost\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>kind of \/ <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>sort of <\/em><\/strong>(n\u011bco ve smyslu)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/co-to-znaczy-like-jezyk-angielski\/\">like<\/a> <\/em><\/strong>(jako)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>maybe <\/em><\/strong>(mo\u017en\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>perhaps <\/em><\/strong>(mo\u017en\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>probably <\/em><\/strong>(pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>roughly <\/em><\/strong>(zhruba)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Is this <strong>perhaps <\/strong>one of your first times driving a car?\u00a0<\/em>(Je to snad poprv\u00e9, co \u0159\u00edd\u00edte auto?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To je op\u011bt obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v kultu\u0159e <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/angielski-dzentelmen\/\">anglick\u00fdch d\u017eentlmen\u016f,<\/a> ve kter\u00e9 je nemysliteln\u00e9 n\u011bkomu n\u011bco vnucovat &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo pro chodce je p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd tip, ne totalitn\u00ed pravidlo!<\/p>\n<p>Proto m\u00edsto despotick\u00e9ho r\u010den\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We should go to that new pub tomorrow. <\/em>(Z\u00edtra bychom m\u011bli j\u00edt do t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 hospody.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nanejv\u00fd\u0161 m\u016f\u017eeme jemn\u011bji navrhnout:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>We should <strong>probably<\/strong> go to that new pub tomorrow.\u00a0<\/em>(Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bychom m\u011bli j\u00edt z\u00edtra do t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 hospody.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00fdznam je stejn\u00fd, jen v jejich o\u010d\u00edch nevypad\u00e1me jak neandrt\u00e1lec.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6258\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6258\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47706\" src=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/angielska-dyplomacja-w-biznesie.jpg\" alt=\"Anglick\u00e1 diplomacie v podnik\u00e1n\u00ed\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6258\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Viz tak\u00e9: <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/?p=59999\">Anglick\u00e1 diplomacie aneb 6 zp\u016fsob\u016f balen\u00ed do bavlny.<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>5. V\u00fdk\u0159iky a citoslovce <em>(interjections)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Diskurzivn\u00ed markery (<em>discourse markers)<\/em> tak\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed v\u00fdk\u0159iky a citoslovce, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed konverzaci a komunikaci, nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Yippee! <\/em>(Hur\u00e1!)<\/li>\n<li><em>Oh no! <\/em>(Ach ne!)<\/li>\n<li><em>Yuck! <\/em>(Fuj!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"header dheader\">\n<h3>6. Um, erm? <em>(hmm, ehm)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Nakonec \u0159ekn\u011bme, \u017ee na\u0161e &#8222;ehm&#8220; (v angli\u010dtin\u011b &#8222;<em>um<\/em>&#8220; nebo<em>&#8222;erm&#8220;)<\/em> tak\u00e9 v angli\u010dtin\u011b z\u00edskalo hrd\u00fd n\u00e1zev <em>diskurzivn\u00edho markeru. <\/em> M\u016f\u017eeme tedy pe\u010dliv\u011b p\u0159edstavit citliv\u00e9 t\u00e9ma:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p dp\"><i class=\"ti\"><strong><span class=\"tb\">Um<\/span><\/strong>, could I ask you a personal question?\u00a0<\/i>(Hm, mohl bych se t\u011b zeptat na osobn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku?)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nebo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p dp\"><i class=\"ti\">He\u2019s\u2026 <strong><span class=\"tb\">erm, <\/span><\/strong>he\u2019s not entirely pleased with your work, <strong>I\u2019m afraid. <\/strong><\/i>(Ob\u00e1v\u00e1m se, \u017ee&#8230; hm, nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b spokojen s va\u0161\u00ed prac\u00ed.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<h3><em>Once upon a time, there was a good English course to practice your Speakingo online!<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>To nen\u00ed poh\u00e1dka!<\/p>\n<p>Ne za sedmero horami a sedmero lesy, ale tady a te\u010f se m\u016f\u017eete <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/naucte-se-anglicky\/\">nau\u010dit anglicky! <\/a><\/p>\n<p>A co v\u00edc, nejen gramatiku a slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, ale jak je <a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/kurz-praktickeho-jazyka-a-anglictiny\/\">prakticky<\/a> pou\u017e\u00edt v \u0159e\u010di!<\/p>\n<p>To je mo\u017en\u00e9 s <a href=\"\/?page_id=9359\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">online kurzem angli\u010dtiny Speakingo,<\/a> kde je u\u010den\u00ed nejen efektivn\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 velmi p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15585\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15585\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32500\" src=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/superlatives-adjectives-just-the-best.jpg\" alt=\"Superlativy, anglick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho stupn\u011b\" width=\"640\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/superlatives-adjectives-just-the-best.jpg 640w, https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/superlatives-adjectives-just-the-best-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15585\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>&#8222;Miluji superlativy \/ p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stupni. Jsou prost\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed!&#8220;<\/em> Viz tak\u00e9<a href=\"\/cs\/?p=15584\"><em>Superlativy: Anglick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stupni.<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jako <a href=\"\/cs\/?p=786\">d\u00edt\u011b mluv\u00edte s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem nebo telefonem,<\/a> bez stresu nebo doj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. A v\u011bty, kter\u00e9 se nau\u010d\u00edte, obsahuj\u00ed ve\u0161kerou gramatiku, kterou pot\u0159ebujete, a 2000 nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch anglick\u00e1 slov, jejich\u017e znalost v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed pochopit 90% v\u0161ech konverzac\u00ed v angli\u010dtin\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>A v\u0161echno je na dosah&#8230; my\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p>Sta\u010d\u00ed se zaregistrovat dv\u011bma kliknut\u00edmi n\u00ed\u017ee a vyzkou\u0161et si tento fenomen\u00e1ln\u00ed online kurz angli\u010dtiny zdarma a bez jak\u00fdchkoli z\u00e1vazk\u016f!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/cs\/kurz-anglictiny-online\/\">Zaregistruj se na online kurz angli\u010dtiny Speakingo!<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"openLoginModal\"  class=\"btn signup-btn \" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-redirect_to=\"\" onclick=\"doAuth(this);\">Start learning<\/button><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Chce\u0161 rozum\u011bt Angli\u010dan\u016fm? Za\u010dni mluvit jako oni!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>U\u017e v\u00edte, jak a kdy pou\u017e\u00edvat diskurzivn\u00ed markery? Pokud jich zn\u00e1te je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce (a je jich mnohem v\u00edce), m\u016f\u017eete se pochlubit v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch!<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V angli\u010dtin\u011b m\u00e1me mnoho slov a v\u00fdraz\u016f, d\u00edky nim\u017e jsou na\u0161e prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed plynulej\u0161\u00ed. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1me jim diskurzivn\u00ed markery (discourse markers). Pokud chcete zn\u00edt jako native speaker, nau\u010dte se pou\u017e\u00edvat\u00a0well (no co\u017e), I mean (to znamen\u00e1), nebo\u00a0you know (no v\u00ed\u0161).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32498,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4336,4338,3381,3685,3653,3655],"tags":[6345,6344,6347,6348,6346],"class_list":["post-32497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anglicke-fraze-vety","category-anglictina-online","category-business-english-cs","category-emigrantuv-roh","category-anglicka-slova-a-idiomy","category-stredni-uroven-b1-b2-intermediate","tag-mareker-cs","tag-rozmlouvat","tag-rozmlouvat-cs","tag-stejne","tag-znacka"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>V\u00ed\u0161, tohle jsou diskurzivn\u00ed markery &#8902; 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